DEFINITIONS, PURPOSE, THE PRINCIPLES and ELEMENTS COOPERATIVE

A. UNDERSTANDING COOPERATION

Explanation of the 1945 Constitution states that the building business in accordance with the Indonesian national identity is cooperative . Cooperative is an economic movement that is run based on the principle of kinship . the core of the cooperative is cooperative , ie cooperation among members and administrators in order to realize the welfare of its members and the community as well as build the national economy . As an economic movement , the cooperative is not only owned by the rich but also owned by the people of Indonesia without exception .

Here is a cooperative basis underlying the Indonesian cooperative activities in Indonesia.
• • idiil Platform ( Pancasila )
• • Mental Platform ( Faithful friend and self awareness )
• • Structural Basis and motion (UUD 1945 Article 33 Paragraph 1 )
Cooperatives are also organized movement which is driven by ideals - ideals people reaching advanced society , just and prosperous as mandated by the 1945 Constitution, particularly Article 33 paragraph ( 1 ) which states that :
" The economy is structured as a joint venture based on the principle of kinship " . And " woke up in accordance with the company that is co-operative " . Encouraged ideals - ideals that the people , law - law on cooperatives No. . 25 of 1992 states that in addition to cooperative enterprises are also popular economic movement .
Some definitions cooperative obtained from various sources , as follows :

a. According to the definition Cooperative ILO (International Labour Organization )
   
A more detailed definition of cooperatives and international impact is given by the ILO as follows :
" Cooperative defined as an association of persons usually of limited means , who have voluntarily joined together to Achieve a common economic end thorough the formation of a democratically controlled business organization , making equitable contribution to the capital required and accepting a fair share of risk and benefits of undertaking " .
In the ILO definition , there are 6 elements contained in the cooperative as follows :
• Cooperatives are associations of people - people ( Association of persons) .
• Merger person - the person based on volunteerism ( voluntarily joined together ) .
• There are economic objectives to be achieved ( to Achieve a common economic end ) .
• Cooperative is an organization established businesses ( enterprises ) are monitored and controlled democratically ( formation of a democratically controlled business organization )
• There is a fair contribution to the capital required ( making equitable contribution to the capital required)
• Members of the cooperative to accept the risks and benefits are balanced ( Accepting a fair share of the risk and benefits of the undertaking ) .

b . According to the definition Cooperative Chaniago
    
Drs . Arifinal Chaniago (1984 ) in his book Indonesian Cooperatives provide a definition , " Cooperative is an association made ​​up of people - the person or legal entity that provides freedom in and out as members of the family work together to run the business to enhance the physical well-being of its members " .

c . Definition of Cooperative According to Hatta
    
According to Hatta , to be called cooperatives , something the organization is at - least 4 must implement the principle . Principle - the principle is :
1 . It may not be sold and dikedaikan goods - fakes
2 . price of the goods must be equal to the market price of the local
3 . Size must be correct and guaranteed
4 . Sale and purchase with cash . Credit banned for moving the hearts of people to buy beyond their ability .

d . According to the definition Cooperative Munkner
    
Munkner defines a cooperative as an organization help - help that running " urusniaga " is set , that based on the concept of help - help . Activity in urusniaga only - aim eyes economics , not social as conceived gotong - royong .

e . According to the definition of the Cooperative Act - Act No. . 25 of 1992
    
Act - Act No. . 25, 1992, gives the definition of " cooperative is a business entity consisting of people - individuals or legal entities that bases its activities on the basis of economic cooperation as well as the people's movement is based on the principle of the family " .
Based on the limitations of cooperatives , cooperative Indonesia contains 5 elements as follows :
• Cooperatives are business entities ( Business Enterprise )
• Cooperative is a collection of people - people and or bodies - legal entity cooperative
• Indonesian Cooperative is a cooperative that works based on " principle - the principle of cooperation "
• Cooperative Indonesia is the " People's Economic Movement " .
• Indonesian Cooperatives " based on the principle of kinship "

f . According to Dr. definition Cooperative . Fay
   
Dr. . Fay in 1908 provides a definition , " Cooperative is an association * with goal attempt with which consists of those who are weak and labored with a zeal not always think of themselves such that each - each capable of carrying out its obligations as a member and receive benefits comparable to those opportunities the organization " .

g.Definition Cooperative According to Calvert
 
 Calvert in his book The Law and Principles Of Cooperation provides a definition , " Cooperatives are organizations of people - people whose desire is voluntary as humans on the basis of unity to achieve their goals - each " .

h . According to the definition of Cooperatives ICA ( International Cooperation allience )
    
ICA in his book " The Cooperative Principles " by PE Weraman provides the following definition : " Cooperatives are a collection of people - the person or legal entity that aims to improve socio-economic needs of its members to meet with the members help each other with each other by way of limiting profits , the business should be based on the principle - the principle of cooperation " .

i . According to Prof. definition Cooperative . Marvin , A. Schaars .
   
Prof.Marvin , A. Schaars , a professor from the University of Wisconsin , Madison USA , gives the definition of " A Coorperative is a voluntary business is owned and controlled by the member patrons , and operated for them and by them an a non- profit or cost basis " . Which means , " Cooperative is an entity that voluntarily owned and controlled by members who are also its customers and operated by them and for them on a nonprofit basis or on the basis of cost " .

j . Under the definition of Cooperatives - Cooperatives Act India
   
Act - Indian Cooperative Act 1904 which was renewed in 1912 provides a definition , " Cooperatives are community organization or group of people - those who aim to increase revenues or seeking economic needs of its members in accordance with the principle - the principle of co-operative " .


     B. PURPOSE COOPERATIVE
     The main goal is to realize a cooperative material and just and prosperous society based on Pancasila and the spiritual - 1945 .
       In Chapter II, Article 3 of Law - Law No. . 25 of 1992 , states that the cooperative aims to :
" To promote the welfare of members in particular and the society in general and to help build the national economy in order to realize an advanced society , just and prosperous based on Pancasila and the Constitution - Constitution of 1945 " .
        According to Bang Hatta , the purpose is not for profit cooperative profusely , but to serve the needs of joint and container participation of small-scale economic actors .
Further cooperative functions stipulated in Article 4 of Law . 25 of 1992 on cooperatives , namely :
• Build and develop the potential and ability of member economies in particular and society in general to improve the economic and social welfare .
• Participate actively in efforts to enhance the quality of human life and society .
• Strengthening the economy of the people as the basis of the strength and resilience of the national economy with the cooperative as a teacher .
• Trying to establish and develop the national economy which is a joint venture based on the principle of kinship and economic democracy .


      C. PRINCIPLES - COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES
      Principle - the principle of cooperation is the guiding lines that are used by the cooperative to implement value - value in practice .

• First Principle : Voluntary and Open Membership
Cooperative - is a cooperative association - a voluntary association , open to all who are able to use the services - services associations and be willing to accept responsibilities of membership, without gender , social , racial , political or religious .

• Principle Two: In democratic control by members
Cooperative - is a cooperative association - association democratically controlled by the members actively participate in setting policies - policies and societies make decisions - decisions . Men and women serving as representatives - elected representatives , responsible to the members . In primary cooperatives members - members have the right - equal voting rights ( one member , one vote ) , and cooperatives at the level - the other tiers also be set democratically .

• Third Principle : Member Economic Participation
Members - members contribute equitably and democratically control the capital of their cooperative . At - least part of that capital is usually the common property of the cooperative . Members - members usually receive limited compensation , if any, on capital . Members - members of dividing surplus - a surplus for something or goals - goals as follows :
* Development of cooperatives - their cooperative
* Possibility to form a reserve of at - least partially to her can not be shared - for
* Provision of benefits to members - members proportional to the transaction - their transactions with the cooperative
* Support activities - activities that are approved by the members

• Fourth Principle : Autonomy and Freedom
Cooperatives - cooperatives are autonomous , is an association - association who help themselves and controlled by members - members . Cooperatives - cooperative agreements entered into with the association - other associations , including governments , or raise capital from sources - external sources , and it is done with the terms - terms that ensure democratic control members - members and maintain their co-operative economy .

• Fifth Principle : Education , Training , and Information
Cooperatives - cooperatives provide education and training for members - members , the elected representatives , managers and employees so they can contribute effectively to the development of cooperatives - their cooperatives . They provide information to the general public , especially people - young people leaders - opinion leaders about the nature and benefits - benefits of cooperation .

• Sixth Principle : Cooperation among Cooperatives
Cooperatives - cooperatives will be able to provide the most effective services to members and strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through the structure - the structure of local , national , regional , and international .

• Principle Seven: Community Care
Cooperatives - cooperatives work for the sustainable development of communication - their communities through policies - policies approved by members - members .
Some principles - the principle of cooperation is obtained from various sources , as follows :

1 . Principle according Munkner
Hans H. Munkner extracted 12 ditunkan cooperative principle of the general idea of ​​variable 7 as follows :
• 7 variable general idea :
1 . Self-help based on solidarity ( self -help based on solidarity )
2 . Democracy ( democracy)
3 . capital strength are not prioritized ( neutaralited Capital )
4 . economy ( Economy )
5 . Freedom ( Liberty )
6 . Justice ( Equity )
7 . Advancing social life through education ( Social Advancement Through Education )

• Cooperative Principle 12 :
1 . Membership is voluntary ( Valuntarily membership )
2 . Membership is open ( open membership )
3 . Developing member ( Member Promotion )
4 . Identity as the owner and customers ( Identity of the co - owners and customers)
5 . Management and supervision of democratic management ( Democratic management and control )
6 . Cooperatives as a collection of people - people ( Personal Cooperation)
7 . Capital relating to the social aspects are not shared ( indivisible social capital )
8 . Economic efficiency of cooperative enterprises ( Economic efficiency of the cooperative enterprise )
9 . Voluntary association ( association Valuntarily )
10.Kebebasan in the decision making and goal setting ( Autonomy in the goal setting and decision making)
11.Pendistribusi be fair and equitable outcomes - economic results ( fair and just distribution of economic result )
12.Pendidikan member ( Member Education )


     2 . According to the principles of Rochdale ( Rochdale Equitable Pioneers ' s )
       
Principle - the principle of cooperation and the nature of rochdale according to its original form :
1 . Democratic oversight ( Democratic Control )
2 . Membership is open ( open membership )
3 . Interest on capital is limited (a fixed or limited interest on capital )
4 . Distribution of net income ( SHU ) to members proportionate to the respective services - each member ( The distribution of surplus in dividends to the members in proportion to their purchases )
5 . Entirely with cash sales ( Trading strictly on a cash basis)
6 . Goods - goods sold must be genuine and not faked ( Selling only pure and Unadulterated goods)
7 . Neutral to politics and religion (Political and religious neutrality )

Principle - the Rochdale cooperative principles are the foundation further cooperative work :
1 . Purchase of goods for cash
2 . Selling price equal to the price of local market
3 . Good quality stuff , scales and correct size
4 . Payment of interest on capital is limited
5 . Profits divided by the number of purchases
6 . Part of the profits are used to reserve funds for education , and the social fund
7 . Membership is open to the public , neutral on religion and politics

     3 . Principle according to Raiffeisen
       
 Raiffeisen principles are as follows :
1 . Non
2 . Limited working area
3 . SHU for backup
4 . Responsibility is not limited to members
5 . Administrators to work on a voluntary basis
6 . Effort only to members
7 . Membership on the basis of character , not money

To the capital of Raiffeisen cultivate the owners of capital with very low interest . Grounding and ways of working adopted by FW Raiffeisen is :
1 . Farmers accustomed to saving
2 . Lack of oversight of the use of credit
3 . Membership is restricted to be between members can get to know each other and can work together well
4 . Management by the members and not be rewarded
5 . net profits belong together

Credit union operatives and Rural Basnk which became known as the Raiffeisen Bank .

     4 . Principle according to Schulze
     To establish credit unions or Bank Savings Credit is the way :
1 . Buy shares to become a member
2 . Raise capital from the junction that would give her money as capital
3 . Limit for short-term loans
4 . Establish work areas in urban
5 . Hire the managers
6 . Divide the profits to members

Herman Schulze developed suburban areas ( urban ) . Herman Schulze core principles are as follows :
1 . Non
2 . SHU for cadanan and for distribution to members
3 . The responsibility of members is limited
4 . Administrators work with get rewarded
5 . . Not limited effort not only to members
6 . According to the principle of ICA ( International Cooperative allience )

 ICA ( International Cooperative Alliance ) established in 1895 is the highest organization of the cooperative movement in the world .
In Chapter IV of Law - Law NO . 12, 1967 to discuss the principle of joint and cooperative basis , where it was said that the cooperative principle is familial and kegotong - royongan , sednagkan the basic joints koperasdi of which included voluntary membership , distribution of net income is set according to the individual - each member , interest on capital restrictions and so on , which all this by ICA categorized as Cooperative Principles.

ICA Session in 1966 formulated the principle - the principle of cooperation , broken down as follows :
* Membership cooperative openly without any restriction made - for ( Open and voluntarily membership)
* Leadership that democracy on the basis of one person one vote ( Democratic control - one member one vote )
* Capital received bunag limited , and even then if there is ( Limited interest of capital )
* SHU divided into three :
1 ) Most of the backup
2 ) Most of the people
3 ) Some to be distributed back to the members in accordance with their services - each
* All cooperatives must implement continuous education ( Promotion of Education )
* The cooperative movement should carry out close cooperation , both at the regional , national , international maupu ( Intercooperative network )

     6 . Principle according to Coady M.M
MM Coady develop cooperative form by conducting education to people who have grown up. Formal educational institutions that help develop the Koprasi is Coady International Institute in Canada .

7 . Principle - the principle of cooperative Indonesia
    * According to the Act - Act 12 Yahun 1967
If seen from the history of legislation - Indonesian cooperatives invitation , since Indonesia's independence there were four laws - laws regarding cooperatives , namely :
1 ) Act - Act No. . 79 Know 1958 on cooperative societies
2 ) Act - Act No. . 14 of 1965
3 ) Act - Act No. . 12 of 1967 on the main points of cooperatives
4 ) Act - Act No. . 25 of 1992 on cooperatives

Principle - the principle or joints - joints cooperative basis under law - No. . 12, 1967, are as follows
1 . Its membership is voluntary and open to any citizen of Indonesia
2 . Member Meeting is the highest authority as a reflection of democracy in the cooperative
3 . SHU division is set according to individual services - each member
4 . Interest on capital restrictions
5 . Develop the welfare of its members in particular and society in general
6 . Businesses and ketatalaksanaannya is open
7 . Self , swakarta , and self-sufficiency as a matter of basic principle of self -confidence
* According to the Act - Act No. . 25 of 1992
Principle - the principle according to law - No. . 1992 25 Article 5 and the current in Indonesia is the cooperative principle is as follows :
1 ) Membership is voluntary and open
2 ) The management is done in a democratic
3 ) The division of the balance of the ( SHU ) was fairly comparable to the size of their business services - each member ( the member's share of the cooperative )
4 ) provision of fringe benefits to the limited capital
5 ) Self-reliance
6 ) Education cooperative
7 ) Cooperation among cooperatives

D.Unsur Indonesian Cooperatives :

• Cooperatives are enterprises ( Business Enterprise )
• Cooperative is a collection of individuals and corporate bodies or cooperative
• Indonesian Cooperatives cooperative work based on " cooperative principles "
• Cooperative Indonesia is the " People's Economic Movement "
• Indonesian Cooperatives " based on the principle of kinship "


 http://arievaldo.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/pengertian-tujuan-dan-prinsip-prinsip-koperasi/
http://candranopitasari.blogspot.com/2013/01/pengertian-tujuan-dan-prinsip-prinsip_12.html
http://fatmaawattisblog.blogspot.com/2012/10/tujuan-koperasi-unsur-koperasi-dan.html